{"id":33457,"date":"2025-03-25T10:09:58","date_gmt":"2025-03-25T05:09:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kommers.uz\/?p=33457"},"modified":"2025-03-25T10:34:21","modified_gmt":"2025-03-25T05:34:21","slug":"na%d2%b3d-pulsiz-in%d2%9bilob-visa-asoschisi-kredit-kartalar-sanoatini-%d2%9bandaj-%d1%9ezgartirdi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/?p=33457","title":{"rendered":"Naqd pulsiz inqilob: Visa asoschisi kredit kartalar sanoatini qanday o\u02bbzgartirdi?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Xalqaro biznes jurnali Lindeal Visa tarixini o\u02bbrganib, ushbu savollarga javob topdi. Shuningdek, ushbu to\u02bblov tizimining muvaffaqiyat siri nimada ekanini aniqlashga harakat qildi.<\/p>\n<p>Maqolada Visa kompaniyasining so\u02bbnggi yutuqlari bo\u02bbyicha statistik ma\u02bclumotlar jamlangan, hozirda chiqarilayotgan kartalar haqida batafsil ma\u02bclumot berilgan hamda kompaniyaning butun rivojlanish tarixi davomida yuz bergan muhim voqealar yoritilgan.<\/p>\n<p>Visa Inc. \u2013 xalqaro to\u02bblov tizimi va tranzaksiya xizmatlarini ko\u02bbrsatuvchi transmilliy kompaniya. Visa xalqaro to\u02bblov tizimi VISA International Service Association nomi ostida faoliyat yuritadi. U Amerikadagi Visa Inc. (brend va texnologiyalar) hamda Yevropadagi Visa Europe Services Inc. (yevropalik banklar tomonidan boshqariladi) kompaniyalaridan tashkil topgan.<\/p>\n<p>Shuningdek,<strong> VisaNet deb nomlangan global innovativ<\/strong> protsessing tarmog\u02bbi mavjud bo\u02bblib, u har soniyada 65 000 tranzaksiyani qayta ishlash qobiliyatiga ega.<\/p>\n<p>Bank kartalarining tarixi 1958 yilda boshlangan. O\u02bbsha yili Bank of America xususiy biznes va jismoniy shaxslar uchun ilk elektron kredit kartasini taqdim etadi. Yangi to\u02bblov tizimi juda tez ommalashdi va obro\u02bbli to\u02bblov vositasiga aylanadi. Shuning uchun kartalarni to\u02bbliq xizmat ko\u02bbrsatish va boshqa banklarga ularni chiqarish uchun litsenziya berish bilan shug\u02bbullanadigan alohida servis tashkilotiga ehtiyoj paydo bo\u02bbladi. Bank of America Service Corporation aynan shu maqsadda tuziladi.<\/p>\n<p>Biroq tez orada bu nom xalqaro miqyosda unchalik ham omadli tanlov emasligi ayon bo\u02bbladi. Sababi, <strong>Vyetnam urushi tufayli<\/strong> AQSHning dunyodagi nufuzi pasaygan, rivojlangan mamlakatlarning biznes doiralari esa yangi to\u02bblov tizimiga ishonch bildirmasdan, o\u02bbzlarining milliy bank xizmatlaridan foydalanishda davom etardi.<\/p>\n<p>Mana shu payt sahnaga Di Xok chiqadi. U o\u02bbsha vaqtda Sietldagi kichik banklardan birida vitse-prezidentning yordamchisi lavozimida ishlayotgan edi. Uning inqilobiy g\u02bboyalari tufayli bugungi kunda butun dunyo Visa haqida biladi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Muvaffaqiyat tamoyili: sirli Di Xok va Chaordic<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Di Xokning noan\u02bcanaviy yondashuvi, avvalo, uning ham biznes, ham falsafani birdek yaxshi tushunishidan kelib chiqqan. U har qanday iyerarxik tizimlar oxir-oqibat tanazzulga uchrashini yaxshi anglardi. Shuning uchun mutlaqo yangi to\u02bblov tarmog\u02bbini taklif qiladi \u2014 u hamma uchun teng imkoniyat yaratadigan, muhim masalalarni birgalikda hal qilishga xizmat qiladigan tuzilma bo\u02bblishi kerak edi.<\/p>\n<p>Visa to\u02bblov tizimi inson organizmiga o\u02bbxshatib yaratilgan. Bizning tanamizda hech qanday ortiqcha a\u02bczo yo\u02bbq \u2014 hammasi birdek muhim. Agar tashqi zararli ta\u02bcsir bo\u02bblmasa, bunday organizm cheklanmagan muddatga faoliyat yuritishi mumkin. Xuddi shunday,<strong> banklar o\u02bbrtasida teng huquqli munosabatlarga<\/strong> asoslangan to\u02bblov tizimi ham uzluksiz ishlashga qodir.<\/p>\n<p>Di Xok tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan bu sxema Chaordic deb nomlandi \u2014 bu \u201cxaos + tartib\u201d tushunchalaridan kelib chiqqan. Bunday tizim o\u02bbzini o\u02bbzi boshqaradi, oson moslasha oladi, ichki nazoratga ega bo\u02bbladi, lekin hech qanday ishtirokchi yoki organ mutlaq hokimiyatga ega bo\u02bblmaydi.<\/p>\n<p>Keyingi muhim qadam \u2014 byurokratiya va shtab-kvartiraning to\u02bbliq nazoratini yo\u02bbq qilish bo\u02bblgan. Buning o\u02bbringa, har bir joydagi qaror qabul qilish erkinligi tamoyili joriy etiladi. Bu g\u02bboya shu qadar muvaffaqiyatli bo\u02bbladiki, hozirgi kunda ham yetakchi moliyaviy tuzilmalar unga amal qiladi.<\/p>\n<p>Di Xok <strong>Visa nomini<\/strong> o\u02bbylab topadi. U butun dunyoda bir xil ma\u02bcnoni anglatadigan, oson talaffuz qilinadigan va grafik jihatdan yorqin ifodalanadigan brend yaratishni maqsad qilgandi. Shu tariqa Visa dunyoga kelgan.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Visa \u2013 global U-Commerce\u02bbning asoschisi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Visa dunyo miqyosida universal tijorat tizimini (u-commerce) shakllantirishga turtki bergan. Bu tizim vaqt, joy yoki to\u02bblov usulidan qat\u02bci nazar, tranzaksiyalarni amalga oshirish imkonini yaratdi. Bugungi kunda aynan shu tizim tufayli 24\/7 rejimida bank kartalari orqali to\u02bblov terminallarida va onlayn savdolarda to\u02bblovlarni amalga oshirish mumkin.<\/p>\n<p>Visa\u02bbning asosiy statistik ko\u02bbrsatkichlari:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kartalar bo\u02bbyicha umumiy aylanma \u2014 8,3 trillion dollar;<\/li>\n<li>Kartalar soni \u2014 3,4 milliard;<\/li>\n<li>Qo\u02bbllab-quvvatlovchi moliyaviy tashkilotlar \u2014 15 mingta;<\/li>\n<li>Savdo nuqtalari \u2014 53,9 millionta;<\/li>\n<li>Tarqalish geografiyasi \u2014 200 ta davlat;<\/li>\n<li>Bozordagi kapitalizatsiyasi \u2014 479 milliard dollar;<\/li>\n<li>O\u02bbz kapitali \u2014 37,6 milliard dollar;<\/li>\n<li>Aylanma mablag\u02bblari \u2014 24,1 milliard dollar;<\/li>\n<li>Sof daromadi \u2014 12,3 milliard dollar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Visa dunyo bo\u02bbylab faoliyat yuritadi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Shimoliy Amerika \u2014 AQSH, Kanada;<\/li>\n<li>Osiyo-Tinch okeani mintaqasi \u2014 Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya;<\/li>\n<li>Yevropa \u2014 G\u02bbarbiy, Markaziy va Sharqiy Yevropa davlatlari;<\/li>\n<li>Yaqin Sharq va Afrika;<\/li>\n<li>Lotin Amerikasi va Karib havzasi davlatlari.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Visa\u02bbning eng yirik aksiyadorlari:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Vanguard Group (6,7 foiz) \u2013 xususiy investitsiya kompaniyasi;<\/li>\n<li>BlackRock (6,1 foiz) \u2013 xalqaro investitsiya kompaniyasi;<\/li>\n<li>FMR (Fidelity Investments) (4,7 foiz) \u2013 AQSH moliyaviy xoldingi;<\/li>\n<li>Rowe Price (4,7 foiz) \u2013 global investitsiya xoldingi;<\/li>\n<li>State Street Corporation (4,5 foiz) \u2013 depozitariy va investitsiya xoldingi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Visa\u02bbning asosiy raqobatchilari (2022-yil):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MasterCard (AQSH);<\/li>\n<li>UnionPay (Xitoy);<\/li>\n<li>RuPay (Hindiston);<\/li>\n<li>JCB (Yaponiya);<\/li>\n<li>\u201cMir\u201d (Rossiya).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Visa\u02bbning tarixida yagona yirik janjal<strong> 2010-yilda Wikileaks bilan bog\u02bbliq<\/strong> holat bo\u02bbldi. Visa Europe Wikileaks faoliyatining qonuniyligini tekshirishni talab qiladi. Asosiy e\u02bctibor Wikileaks\u02bbga yuborilgan xayriya mablag\u02bblari qonuniymi-yo\u02bbqmi, shu masalaga qaratilgan edi. Bu to\u02bblovlarni DataCall kompaniyasi amalga oshirgan va Visa\u02bbning bosimiga qarshi sudga murojaat qilishini aytgan.<\/p>\n<p>Hodisaga \u201cAnonimus\u201d xakerlari qo\u02bbshilib, visa.com saytini \u201cqulatadi\u201d. Natijada Visa mustaqil auditor jalb qiladi va tekshiruv natijalariga ko\u02bbra, Wikileaks\u02bbga to\u02bblovlar qonuniy ekanligi aniqlanadi. Ammo Visa Europe bu natijalarni tan olmaydi va o\u02bbz tekshiruvini o\u02bbtkazish uchun<strong> 2,5 yil davomida Wikileaks\u02bbga to\u02bblovlarni<\/strong> bloklab qo\u02bbyadi.<\/p>\n<p>Bu masala BMTning Inson huquqlari bo\u02bbyicha oliy komissariga yetib boradi. Islandiya sudi 2013-yilda Visa Europe\u02bbni 6000 dollar jarimaga tortadi va Wikileaks\u02bbga <strong>har yili 2,5 million dollar tovon<\/strong> to\u02bblash haqida qaror chiqaradi. Sud qarorini iyul 2013-yilda ijro etilgan va Wikileaks to\u02bblovlari Islandiyaning Valitor to\u02bblov protsessori orqali qayta tiklangan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bank kartalari \u2013 bizning kundalik hayotimizning ajralmas qismiga aylangan. Kredit yoki debet kartalari deyarli har bir insonda bor. Ammo ularning ilk prototiplari qachon va qanday paydo bo\u02bblgan? Bank kartalarini chiqarish g\u02bboyasi kimga tegishli?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":33458,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_sharing_image":{"poster":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/67e2405d4ca31.jpg","width":1200,"height":630,"template":"26a28dfa","mode":"auto"},"_sharing_image_fieldset":{"xk6e44ialdzo":33458,"7B0ecgVieEAP":"\u041d\u0430\u049b\u0434 \u043f\u0443\u043b\u0441\u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u049b\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0431: Visa \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u049b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0439 \u045e\u0437\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0434\u0438?"},"_dinor_sponsored":false,"_dinor_sponsor_name":"","_dinor_reading_time":0,"_dinor_primary_term":0,"_dinor_featured":false,"_dinor_urgent":false,"_dinor_show_author":false,"_dinor_kicker":"","_dinor_summary":"","_dinor_sources":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"ptype":[30],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33457"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=33457"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33457\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33461,"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33457\/revisions\/33461"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/33458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=33457"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=33457"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=33457"},{"taxonomy":"ptype","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dinor.uz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fptype&post=33457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}